Bunkering Operation
What Does The Word “Bunker” Mean?
The word “Bunker” is used extensively in defence forces and is used to define an area to store and safeguard personnel and supplies (such as fuel, ammunition, food etc.). It was derived from a Scottish word “Bunk” which means a reserved seat or bench.
In the shipping industry, the word bunker is used for fuel and lube oils, which are stored on a ship and used for machinery operation only. If a vessel is carrying marine fuel or lube oil to discharge it to another port, it will not be called “bunker”. If the vessel or truck is carrying it to transfer to another ship for using in its machinery, it will be termed as “bunker” and the operation performed to transport the oil is known as “bunkering”.
Hence, bunker fuel or bunker oil on a vessel are marine fuel/ lube oils which are carried on separate storage tanks, popularly known as bunker tanks for consumption in ship’s machinery.
Types of Bunker Fuel:
When the ship receives any kind of oil for using it in its machinery it is called a bunker fuel or bunker oil. Following are different types of bunkers which are supplied to a commercial or passenger vessel:
– Heavy fuel oil bunker
– Diesel oil bunker
– Marine Gas oil bunker
– Lube oil bunker
– LNG fuel bunker
Ways to receive Marine fuel Bunker
The bunker fuel can be supplied to a cargo ship in different ways. The mode or method may vary depending upon the grade or type of fuel being delivered to the vessel. There can be different types of bunkering facilities which supply the required marine fuel or lube oil to the ship. A small barge or ship carrying bunker fuel can be used to transfer marine fuel oil (such as heavy fuel oil) to the vessel. If the quantity of oil is less (e.g. lube oil or MGO, LNG etc.), it can be supplied to the vessel using trucks.
Bunkering Operation Procedure
The bunkering procedure on a ship can be divided into three important stages:
- Preparation– Preparing for the bunkering operation which will involve the readiness of bunkering equipment, storage tanks and bunkering safety
- Perform– Performing the bunkering operation in real time as per the pre-decided procedure and receiving the marine fuel according to the bunker plan
- Wrap-up– Wrapping up the bunkering operation with utmost safety and ensuring the correct amount and quality of bunker fuel has been received onboard from the bunkering facilities (bunker ship or shore truck etc.)
Before Bunkering Operation
1. The chief engineer should calculate and check which bunker oil tanks are to be filled after he/she receives confirmation from the shore office about the amount of fuel to be accepted.
2. It might be required to empty some tanks and transfer the oil from one tank to other. This is required to prevent the mixing of two oils and prevent incompatibility between the previous oil and the new oil.
3. The sounding of other fuel storage tank (not be used in bunkering operation) should also be taken to keep a record of fuel already present onboard. This will help the ship’s officer in case any valve is leaking, and the bunker oil is being transferred to the unwanted tank.
4. A meeting should be held between the members that will take part in the bunkering process, and they should be explained about the following:-
- Which tanks are to be filled
- Sequence order of tanks to be filled
- How much bunker oil is to be taken
- Bunkering safety procedures
- Emergency procedure in case oil spill occurs
- Responsibilities of each officer are explained
5. Sounding is taken before bunkering and record is made
6. A checklist is to be filled so that nothing is missed
7. All deck scuppers and save all trays are plugged
8. An overflow tank is provided in the engine room which is connected to the bunker tank and bunker line. Ensure the overflow tank is kept empty to transfer excess fuel from the bunker tanks
9. Adequate lighting at the bunker and sounding position are to be provided
10. No smoking notice should be positioned near the bunkering station
11. Onboard communication, signs, and signals to stop the operation between the people involved in bunkering are to be understood by all the crew involved in the operation.
12. Red flag/light is presented on the masthead
13. Opposite side bunker manifold valves are closed and appropriately blanked
14. Vessel draught and trim is recorded before bunkering
15. All equipment in SOPEP(shipboard oil pollution emergency plan) locker are checked and kept near the bunkering station
16. When bunker ship or barge is secured to the ship side, the person in charge on the barge is also explained about the bunker plan
17. Bunker supplier’s paperwork is checked for the oil’s grade and the density if they are as per the specification
18. The pumping rate of the bunker fuel is agreed with the bunker barge/ bunker truck
19. The hose is then connected to the manifold. The condition of the hose must be checked properly by the ship staff and if it is not satisfactory, same to be notified to the chief engineer
20. Most of the bunker supplier send there crew to connect the bunker oil pipeline coming from bunker ship/ barge. The ship staff must recheck the flange connection to eliminate the doubt of any leakage
21. Once the connection is made, the chief engineer will ensure all the line valves which will lead the bunker fuel to the selected bunker tanks are open, keeping the main manifold valve shut
22. Proper communication between the barge and the ship is to be established
23. Sign and signals are to be followed as discussed in case of communication during an emergency
24. Most bunkering facilities (ship/ barge/ terminal/ truck etc.) provide an emergency stop switch which controls the bunkering supply pump. Ensure to check its working before commencing the operation
25. Once all the checks are done, the manifold valve is open for bunkering
Before Bunkering Operation Checklist
During Bunkering Procedure
1. During the start of the bunker, the pumping rate is kept low; this is done to check that the oil is coming to the tank to which the valve is opened
2. The ship staff must track the sounding of selected bunkering tank and other tanks which are not involved in the operation to ensure oil is only going to the selected tank
3. After confirming the oil is coming to the proper tank, the pumping rate is increased as agreed before
4. Generally, only one tank filling is preferred because gauging of more than one tank at a time increases the chances of overflow
5. The max allowable to which tank is filled is 90 %, and when the tank level reaches about to maximum level, the barge is told to pump at low pumping rate to top up the tank, and then the valve of other tank is opened
6. During bunkering, sounding is taken regularly and the frequency of sounding is more when the tank is near to full. Many vessels have tank gauges which show tank level in the control room, but this is only to be relied upon if the system is working correctly.
7. The temperature of the bunker oil is also to be checked; generally, the barge or supplier will provide the bunker temperature. Temperature is a critical parameter, especially for bunker fuel such as heavy fuel oil, and any deviation in the provided temperature value may lead to a shortfall in bunker supply
8. A continuous sample is taken during bunkering with the help of sampling cock at the manifold
9. The crew needs to switch (open and close the valves) the internal storage tanks to accommodate the quantity of the bunker oil being supplied. Utmost precaution needs to be taken when opening the other storage tank valve and closing the valve of the tank which is reaching the maximum fill limit.
During Bunkering Operation Checklist
After Bunkering Procedure: Wrap-up
1. Once the bunker is finished, it is a general practice to air blow the bunkering supply line for discharging all the oil trapped in the pipelines. At this stage, ensure all sounding pipe caps are closed and keep a watch on those storage tank vents which are at its maximum limit.
2. Avoid opening the bunkering supply line connecting between bunker ship and receiving manifold. In case of any discrepancy, the supplier may agree to compensate the shortfall and may resume bunkering operation
Related Reading: 13 Malpractices In Bunkering Operations Seafarers Should Be Aware Of
3. Draught and trim of the ship is checked
4. Take sounding of all the tanks bunkered
5. The volume bunkered should be corrected for trim, heel and temperature correction
6. In general, for each degree of increase in temperature the density should be reduced by 0.64 kg/m3.
7. Four samples are taken during bunkering. One is kept onboard, one for the bunker ship or barge, one for analysis, one for port state or IMO
8. The chief engineer will sign the bunker receipt (BDN) and the amount of bunker received
9. If there is any shortfall of bunker received the chief engineer can issue a note of protest against the barge/supplier (in case the deficit is not agreed by the bunker supplier)
10. After everything is settled, the hose connection is removed
11. The sample is sent for laboratory analysis
12. The chief engineer will make the entry of the operation in oil record book along with received BDN
12. The new bunker should not be used until the report from the lab
After Bunkering Procedure Checklist
